Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli
The Archeological Museum of Naples
The origins of the Archeological Museum of Naples are very old and they begin in 1738 when Charles III of Spain, the founder of the new Kingdom of Naples, initiated a series of excavations in the area of Herculaneum. Thanks to the huge quantity of finds, the excavations were extended to Pompeii in 1748 and to Stabiae in 1749 where still today they continue to excavate to bring pieces of buried history back to life. But since Charles III was the son of Elisabetta Farnese, descendent of the powerful family of the Farnese, he was the legitimate heir of their vast Roman collection of antiquities, subsequently transferred to the Museum of Naples. The collections that the museum houses today are truly extraordinary and to prove it we need only recall that just a small part of these collections in 1750 were in the royal villa of Portici-Herculaneum that had already made Naples an obligatory destination on the Grand Tour—the lengthy and culturally sophisticated tour of the birthplaces of classical art and literature taken by young European aristocrats to complete their education.
In addition to a revealing series of inscriptions, finely carved sarcophagi, and vases from various regions of southern Italy, the Museum holds many sculptures. For example there is the marble statue of Marcus Holconius Rufus, the most important citizen of the Pompeii of the Augustan era, shown in military dress. The statue originally stood in the center of the city. There are also the beautiful statues of Dacian barbarian prisoners, worked in two different qualities of marble, originally in the possession of the Roman family of the Colonna; two marble equestrian statues of Marcus Nonius Balbus, father and son, from Herculaneum; and the colossal statues of the Greek gods Castor and Pollux from Baia.
Then there is the Farnese collection with works of tremendous value: The Farnese Hercules, powerful with massive musculature, at rest after his mythical labors, represents a Roman III century AD variation of the figure. His pensive attitude and posture are very distinct from the heroic and triumphant Greek model in bronze by Lysippos from the IV century BC. A tumultuous work by contrast, is the Farnese Bull, the sculptural group that portrays the painful torture of Dirce who is bound to the legs of an enraged bull in punishment for her errors. The pyramidal organization of the group with the head of the bull raised in a gesture of immanent fury and the accentuation of the emotions of the characters makes for a unique work whose dramatic force is rivalled only by the Laocoon in the Vatican Museums
The central and largest part of the collection however consists of the objects that reemerged from the excavations of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae, and the other Vesuvian centers buried under the eruption of 79 AD. Gold and emerald pins, earrings, bracelets, and necklaces are perhaps the most intimate objects capable of accompanying us in the discovery of the private lives of the women and men of Pompeii. There are also all the furnishings of daily life, the ancestors of our own pots and glasses, mostly in silver, as well as braziers, tripods, scales, lanterns, and harness bells, mostly in bronze, and many other little curiosities. Other masterpieces that warrant comprehension and admiration include the bronze statues from the Corridors of the Villa dei Papiri of Herculaneum, whose eyes of glass paste still shine with the spark of life that had filled them, as well as the bronze statue of the Drunken Satyr who revels in a state of divine abandon.
We will also show you a dozen perfectly preserved mosaics with refined and cultivated subjects as well as with quotidian and comic subjects. They were removed from walls or floors, hidden under the lava that had preserved them for centuries. They have no equivalent in any other museum in the world. Mosaics such as the Battle of Alexander the Great, the Traveling Musicians, and the Academy of Plato are surprising to say the least, and we will engage with the stories they recount, the places where they were found, and the political and social significance they had in the context of Roman culture.
Likewise for the frescoes that you have certainly seen in school text books but in person they will move you because they present us with the faces of far distant women and men, the myths and stories that populated their lives, their gods and their religion, and the day after day spending of their forgotten lives.
In passing through these galleries you will slowly be able to restore to the deserted spaces we visited in Pompeii the features of the statues, the form and color of the furnishings, the mosaic and fresco decoration that enlivened the spaces and gave sense to the lives of the rich as well as to the less well-off, to the merchants, and military functionaries that lived and were Pompeii - the lively and noisy city of the Roman empire before that fatal August day of 79 AD.
We will conclude with the Secret Cabinet, which contains all the objects with erotic subject matter, often decisively unhindered with explicit representations of truly acrobatic love. These too were found at Pompeii. Unfortunately at the time of their discovery, Bourbon Naples of the mid-1700s was conventional and retrograde and the images were considered offensive and scandalous and thus gathered in a separate collection, reserved for the few scholars who managed to see them only with official permission from the authorities. Fortunately today we can visit freely and be surprised by the audacity that our predecessors knew how to show, even in this area.
