Shylpyq (also known as Shilpiq) is an ancient pilgrimage site and historical monument located in the Ellikkala district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Historical and Cultural Significance Shylpyq dates back to the 8th–9th centuries AD and was originally constructed as a dakhma—an open-air burial site used during the Zoroastrian period for funerary rituals. In Zoroastrianism, bodies were not buried in the ground; instead, they were left to be cleansed by birds, and then the bones were collected and preserved separately. After the spread of Islam, Shylpyq continued to be revered and preserved as a sacred site by the local population. From its top, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the Amu Darya valley and the surrounding landscapes, making it interesting not only from a religious perspective but also as a tourist attraction.

Topraq Qala (also spelled Toprak Kala) is an ancient fortress and archaeological site located in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. It was once the capital of the ancient Khorezm (Chorasmia) kingdom. Historical Background Topraq Qala dates back to the 2nd–3rd centuries AD and served as the royal residence of the Khorezm kings during that time. The fortress was part of a larger network of settlements and fortifications in the Amu Darya river delta, a region known for its advanced civilization and rich cultural heritage. This site represents the pre-Islamic period of Central Asia and reflects the high level of urban planning, architecture, and governance of the Khorezmian state. The fortress was built using mud bricks and had thick defensive walls with towers. Inside the fortress, archaeologists discovered the remains of a palace complex with more than 100 rooms, including audience halls, residential quarters, temples, and administrative buildings.

Ayaz Qala is one of the most iconic and well-preserved ancient fortresses in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. It is located in the Kyzylkum Desert, not far from the shores of the former Aral Sea and near other historical sites like Topraq Qala and Shylpyq. Historical Background Ayaz Qala is not a single fortress, but a complex of three fortresses built at different times between the 4th century BC and the 7th century AD. These fortresses were part of the defensive system of ancient Khorezm, a powerful kingdom that existed in the Amu Darya river delta. The name “Ayaz Qala” means “Fortress of the Cold Wind,” likely referring to the strong desert winds that sweep through the area. The Fortresses Ayaz Qala I (4th century BC): The oldest and most famous structure, likely built for military defense. Ayaz Qala II (6th–7th centuries AD): Possibly served as a garrison or residence for aristocrats.